What Is a Carbon Tax

Simply put, a carbon tax is an environmental fee levied by governments on the production, distribution or use of fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas. The amount of the tax depends on how much carbon dioxide each type of fuel emits when it is used to run factories or power plants, provide heat and electricity to homes and businesses, drive vehicles and so on. How Does a Carbon Tax Work? Essentially, a carbon tax—also known as a carbon dioxide tax or CO2 tax—is a tax on pollution: the more a company pollutes, the higher tax it pays. It is based on the economic principle of negative externalities. In the language of economics, externalities are costs or benefits created by the production of goods and services, so negative externalities are unpaid costs. When utilities, businesses or homeowners use fossil fuels, they generate greenhouse gases and other types of pollution that carries with it a cost for society, because pollution affects everyone.  Pollution affects people in different ways, including health effects, degradation of natural resources, down to less obvious effects like depressed property value.  The cost we bear for carbon emissions is an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration, and as a consequence, global climate change. A carbon tax factors the societal cost of greenhouse gas emissions into the price of the fossil fuels that create them—so the people who cause the pollution have to pay for it.   To simplify the application of a carbon tax, the fees can be applied to the fossil fuel directly, for example as an extra tax on gasoline. How Does a Carbon Tax Promote Renewable Energy? By making dirty fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal more expensive, a carbon tax encourages utilities, businesses, and individuals to reduce energy consumption and increase energy efficiency. A carbon tax also makes clean, renewable energy from sources such as wind and solar more cost-competitive with fossil fuels, favoring investments in those technologies. How Can a Carbon Tax Reduce Global Warming? A carbon tax is one of two market-based strategies—the other is cap and trade—aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing global warming. The carbon dioxide created by burning fossil fuels gets trapped in the Earths atmosphere, where it absorbs heat and creates a greenhouse effect that leads to global warming—which scientists believe is causing significant climate changes. As a result of global warming, polar ice caps are melting at an accelerating rate, which contributes to coastal flooding worldwide and threatens habitat for polar bears and other species. Global warming also leads to more severe droughts, increased flooding, and more intense wildfires. In addition, global warming reduces the availability of fresh water  for people and animals who live in dry or desert areas. By reducing the release of carbon dioxide that is put into the atmosphere, scientists believe we can slow the rate of global warming. Carbon Taxes Are Being Adopted Worldwide A number of countries have instituted a carbon tax.  In Asia, Japan has had a carbon tax since 2012, South Korea since 2015. Australia introduced a carbon tax in 2012, but it was then repealed by a conservative federal government in 2014. A number of European countries have established carbon taxation systems, each with different characteristics.  In Canada, there is no country-level tax, but the provinces of Quebec, British Columbia, and Alberta all tax carbon. Edited by Frederic Beaudry Sources and Further Reading Harrison, Kathryn. The Comparative Politics of Carbon Taxation. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 6.1 (2010): 507–29. Print.Lin, Boqiang, and Xuehui Li. The Effect of Carbon Tax on Per Capita CO. Energy Policy 39.9 (2011): 5137–46. Print.2 EmissionsMetcalf, Gilbert E. Designing a Carbon Tax to Reduce U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 3.1 (2008): 63–83. Print.

Bibliographic Essay on African American History - 6221 Words

Bibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay â€Å"On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History† the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared â€Å"Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.†1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E.†¦show more content†¦3 ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼ Morgan, American Slavery American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1975), offers a cogent explanation of the anomaly while T. H. Breen and Stephen Innes, Myne Owne Ground: Race and Freedom on Virginia s Eastern Shore, 1640-1676 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) personify the changing status of Africans in the Old Dominion. Kenneth Morgan’s Slavery and Servitude in Colonial North America: A Short History (Washington Square: New York University Press, 2000) covers much of the same argument as Morgan but includes a larger geographical region. Most general sources contain limited discussions of enslaved women, especially in the North, but Nell Irving Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1996); C. W. Larison, Sylvia Dubois, A Biography of the Slave who Whipt her Mistres and Gand her Fredom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), and Kenneth E. Marshall, â€Å"Work, Family and Day-to-Day Survival on an Old Farm: Nance Melick, a Rural Late Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-century New Jersey Slave Woman,† Slavery and Abolition 19 (December 1998): 22-45, help to eradicate the void. The incongruent existence ofShow MoreRelatedThe New Deal: The Depression Years by Anthony Badger790 Words   |  3 Pagesits modern form. It was a time of unprecedented government intervention and in many ways changed the way Americans viewed government. After the Stock Market Crash of 1929, it was clear that the government was going to take immediate action. Anthony Badger’s The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933-1940 is an outstanding summary of some of the most difficult, yet important, years in American history. A frustrating factor of this book is that Badger doesn’t use footnotes, even with direct quotes. 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Technology Impact on Family Time Free Essays

The impact of technology on family time Nowadays technology is a part of our real life because most people have the same need that is the convenience. Although technology can provide and serve many functions and applications that support the human need but it also has an impact to our real life as well. The impact of Technology to our real life is time on family. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Impact on Family Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now Three technologies that have impact to family are computer, Mobile Phone, and Tablet. The static of tablet sales in U. S. on year 2011 from NPD Group they said â€Å"U. S. Tablet Sales excluding Apple Exceed 1. Million Units in First Months of 2011†,1 this is in one country, that mean tablet is a new technology which every people attend. Tablet is a device that suitable for individual person because it easy to take and easy for do a business, but if you use it in your family. You will concentrate only your tablet not attends to member in your family. The effect of this situation will decrease time and relationship on family. Therefore, if you are in the family you must use that device to make your family enjoy together or don’t use its. However, most of family still attend to tablet by doesn’t think about impacted on family time and relationship. On the other hand technology still has another device that can makes family time increasingly. Causes of computer applications are positive affected on family time. From past to present, there are many types of computer such as â€Å"Super Computer†, â€Å"Computer PC†, and â€Å"Computer Notebook†. Computer has an evolution of itself as you can see a new generation of computer has smaller size than the old computer. Even though new computer has smaller size, but functions and applications of it’s not small like size. It can do and serve many things by using functions and applications such as do transaction online, Facebook, E-mail, learning, or playing game. Due to this example, the article of Washington State University, Vancouver examines the perceived effect of computers on family time and relationships. The result said (89% perceived that the computer impacted their family relationships, 45% mostly positive impact; 24% mixed impact and 20% mostly negative impact). 2 From this article, Computer has positive impact more than negative impact. That means applications of computer not effect on family time and relationship. Communication by using mobile phone was cause on family time. The main function of mobile phone is used for communicate between 2 people. Because of mobile phone used for communicate and also support many functions like computer to make communicate easily. Things that new generation mobile phone can do more than old generation mobile phone is communicated by typing and video calling. This function is appropriate very much for communicate, so in part of family. Mobile phone was caused to makes family more talking, even though they can’t see or meet together in the house. To sum up, technology was caused on family time very much, because it has an advantage and disadvantage inside itself. it has an evolution all the time in term of components or applications. Therefore every family should learn and select the advantage of each technology such as use computer and tablet for learning more than playing game, or use mobile phone for participate and communicate in family more than chat to friend. If your family can do like the example your family will gain more time and reduce impact on family. ————————————————————————————————————————————– Reference 1 U. S. Tablet Sales excluding Apple Exceed 1. 2 Million Units in First Months of 2011: lt;https://www. npd. com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/pressreleases/pr_111122bgt; 2Jane D. Lanigan, Washington State University, Vancouver lt;http://familyscienceassociation. org/archived%20journal%20articles/FSR_vol14_2008/2Jane_Lanigan. pdfgt; How to cite Technology Impact on Family Time, Essays